There are many conditions that determine the effectiveness of any building material to provide comfort and energy efficient performance. R-Value is only one of these factors or measurement tools.

R-Value is the measure of resistance to heat flow through the defined material. The higher the R-Value the less heat will transfer through the wall, making the system more energy efficient.

R-Value is determined by testing or by the addition of tested components. When “effective” R-value is used, it represents that at a given condition or circumstance, the system performs the same as a product with the “real” R-value.

It is important to understand the conditions at which the “effective” R-value was determined, and see if your application is the same. For example, a masonry wall may have a high “effective” R-value for a 5 hour test period, but have a very low R-value during a 24 hour test period. Where “real” R-value products will have the same R-value during both test periods.

There are several items to consider when evaluating R-Value and it’s effect on your project

Effective R-Value

An example would be masonry products. Masonry product have a very low R-Value but have a high thermal mass. Foam type products have a high R-value but low thermal mass. There is not a standard measurement or number for the energy effectiveness of thermal mass. While R-value resists the flow of heat, thermal mass delays the transfer of heat but does not reduce it. During a short period, thermal mass has the same “effective” R-value, so it is sometimes advertised with this R-value rating. It is not a real R-value but, under those conditions, an “effective” R-value. Please review other technical bulletins for more details and other related items.

Installed R-Value vs Advertised R-Value

It should be noted that R-Value of an item is the value that was tested in a laboratory and is real, but the item may not perform at the same R-value when installed. Most insulating materials obtain their insulating values from trapped air spaces, often the higher the density of air pockets, the higher the R-value. If these air spaces are compressed, a lower R-value will result. For example, batt type insulation may be rated at R-19 in its free state, but requires a 6 ½” thickness to obtain that value. When this material is installed in a 5 ½” frame cavity, the batt is compressed and the R-value is less than R-19. Likewise, putting two batts in the space for one does not increase insulating value; it might even reduce the R-value. Review the Technical Bulletin on Air Infiltration in Insulation for more related information.

Nonuniform Material

Whole wall R-value is the term used to describe the average R-value for the total wall taking into consideration variations and non-uniformity’s in the insulating material. Often, the R-value of the insulating material is advertised without stating the effect of the total system.

An example would be installing an R-19 batt insulation in a 2×6 frame wall. The resultant “whole wall R-value” is the average of the R-19 insulation and the R-5 stud. Tests have shown that the actual “whole wall R-value” of an R-19 wall system to be R-13.7, much less than the R-19 advertised. This applies to all non uniform wall systems.

The R-value of building materials may be effected or altered by the following items.

• Non uniform material
• Thermal shorts
• Material compression
• Air infiltration in the insulation
• Humidity
• Temperature swing or range of environment
• Effects of time and aging.

Along with R-Value, several other factors need to be considered to determine the overall energy efficiency of a building structure.

• Thermal Mass
• Air infiltration in the building
• Radiated heat gains
• Internal heat gains
• Latent and Sensible heat transfer

Originally posted 2010-03-05 00:01:00.

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1. Understanding Thermal Mass Walls in a Passive Solar Design
2. Living a Radiant Life – Understanding Radiant Heat Transfer in Buildings
3. The Skinny on Thermal Mass

Our Copperas Cove office of EVstudio recently completed the architectural and engineering design service phases for the USMEDCOM Community Based Clinic located in Killeen, Texas near Ft. Hood, Texas.  The facility is approximately 13,ooo square feet, on a two acre site, and is designed to accommodate a staff of 35 US Army medical personnel.

The facility has 18 exam rooms, a fully equipped treatment room, an on-site laboratory, pharmacy, behavioral health unit, dedicated pediatric practice spaces (including an immunization room), 2 group practice areas, multiple triage areas, and administrative spaces.

In addition to the features that would be expected in most private sector clinics, the USMEDCOM facility also incorporates many of the same AT/FP (anti-terrorism / force protection) considerations that would be found in facilities located on a US Army Installation.  EVstudio worked directly with the US Army Corps of Engineers and the staff of the US Army Medical Command to insure this facility met all the crucial design criteria standards established for this facility type.

The Killeen, TX Community Based Clinic has been designed to meet LEED Certified standards.  We have incorporated numerous energy and water saving strategies into this facility along with site development considerations and a focus on indoor environment quality.

EVstudio takes great pride in designing facilities that will provide a better quality of life for those men and women, along with their families, that serve our country.

Originally posted 2010-12-29 00:43:50.

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• Project Administrator – By default, the person who registers the project with the USGBC will become the Project Administrator for LEED Online. This person should be a LEED-AP (accredited professional), if possible, and should be experienced and knowledgeable about LEED certification projects and process. This person is responsible for managing the assignment of team roles in LEED Online and the management of all of the LEED documentation and coordination throughout the LEED certification process.
• Developer / Owner – This is the person responsible for making the final decisions for the project including all strategies, targets, project goals, financial decisions etc.
• General Contractor – This is the person responsible for the construction of the project and plays a key role in assuring that all of the LEED strategies and design elements are effectively and efficiently carried through to reality. It is helpful if this person has previous experience with LEED or green building projects but not essential if they are included in the process from the beginning of the project and there is a LEED-AP or experienced Project Administrator on the project team.
• Sustainability Consultant – This person is knowledgeable and experienced with LEED, green building or sustainability projects. This person should be a LEED-AP as well and will provide valuable knowledge, resources and structure to the LEED certification process.
• Architect / Designer – This is the person responsible for the architectural design of the building. An architect with experience in LEED or other green building or sustainability projects can skillfully include highly effective, low-cost sustainability strategies into the design of a high performance building such as passive solar design, reduced building footprint, etc.
• Landscape Architect – This is the person responsible for the landscape planning of the site and can also skillfully include a number of highly effective, low-cost strategies into the design that will benefit the project goals and LEED certification.
• Engineers – This category may include Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering and MEP (Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing) Engineering. The engineers are responsible for a large portion of the LEED criteria, including both pre-requisites and credits and are the key to designing a truly integrated and efficient building design.
• Energy Modeler – This team member will model the energy usage of the building according to the required standards and utilizing the required software platforms that  conform to LEED criteria and a myriad of additional modeling needs that may be included in the project goals such as analysis for tax incentives, energy rebates and additional building or energy certifications for the project.
• Commissioning Authority – This is the person responsible for organizing, coordinating & overseeing the Commissioning of the building after construction and according to the LEED criteria, must have previous experience on a minimum of two LEED projects. Although the commissioning does not take place until after the major building systems have been installed and are operational, it is very helpful to include this team member early in the process so that they can provide valuable information, resources, real-world experience and knowledge from their previous LEED projects.

These team members are essential to the success of a LEED certification and building process and each of the above mentioned roles should be filled in some capacity. As previously mentioned, it is possible that a single team member may fulfill several of the above mentioned roles. For example, it is common for the MEP Engineer to also be the Energy Modeler and even sometimes the Commissioning Authority or for the Architect or Designer to be the Project Administrator and/or Sustainability Consultant. The following list includes some more team roles that are helpful to a LEED certification project and should be included in the Project Team meetings whenever possible:

• Broker / Real Estate Agent
• Marketing / PR Director
• Financial Manager / Cost Consultant
• Facility Manager
• Suppliers
• Key Sub-contractors
• Key Stakeholders (building tenants, users, community members)

EVstudio includes several LEED-AP’s who are experienced on previous LEED certification projects. In addition, EVstudio incorporates green building practices and sustainability strategies into our design strategies for each project. There are many strategies that improve livability without increasing cost. It is our philosophy that sustainable design is sensible design and that many of the most effective strategies require great designers, not great amounts of money.

Originally posted 2009-09-12 00:24:19.

Related posts:

1. EVstudio Selected for LEED Project in Killeen, Texas
2. Evergreen Terraces and EVstudio Architecture Featured in National Real Estate Article for LEED Work
3. Free New Online LEED Resource Helps Even Seasoned Professionals – LEEDuser.com

• Integrate the daylighting scheme into the architecture
• Integrate the daylighting scheme with building systems

These final two points remind us that architecture is synergistic, that is it becomes more than the sum of its parts. They tie the entire daylighting strategy together and their implementation can make or break a design.

Integrate the daylighting scheme into the architecture

Daylighting provides an excellent opportunity to give intentional and unique form to a building. The north, south east and west façades of the building are all in need of different daylighting strategies. This makes it easy to create a solution that is eclectic. At the same time it gives the opportunity to create a dynamic façade that is consistent in fundamentals yet different in the details.

Integrate the daylighting scheme with building systems

Last time we touched on daylight controls. Integrating daylighting systems with building systems goes beyond simple controls. It also has to do with the difference in the color temperature of daylight versus that of electric light. To improve the cohesiveness of the lighting design it is important to specify lighting that is compatible with natural light.

Since reducing electricity use is one of the reasons for incorporating daylighting into a building it is important to have simple controls that dim or switch off the electric light when it isn’t needed. Simple controls are easy to repair or replace and contribute to the success of a daylighting strategy.

Lastly the combination of daylight and supplemental electric light provide an opportunity to reinforce a particular lighting strategy or to play off of it. Realizing the passage of time is a side effect of using natural lighting solutions. This passage of time creates an opportunity to differ the electric lighting strategy in the morning, evening and night to help reinforce the passage of time, something that many occupants are missing in modern buildings.

Originally posted 2010-03-20 00:01:20.

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A Solar Array at Fort Carson. Photo courtesy of USAEC.

This past week, I attended a conference titled NDIA E2S2 in Denver.  The acronym NDIA refers to National Defense Industrial Association, and the E2S2is an acronym for Environment, Energy Security & Sustainability.  It was a great conference full of fantastic information in terms of sustainability from a wide array of perspectives within the Department of Defense realm.  I was at the conference as a part of my personal contract with Fort Carson as a Sustainability Coordinator in.  This contract is outside the scope of what I do at EVstudio, however it does provide a good knowledge base of military practices for EVstudio's military work.

It was quite fascinating to learn what the military installations are doing across the United States in terms of sustainability at the conference.  Some installations have a high-tech approach to sustainability with state of the art equipment and others use a historical approach to sustainability in quality materials, durability and increased exterior insulation.  After attending the conference, I left pleased with what the Department of Defense (DoD) is doing and really leading as an example of sustainability across the country.  With the DoD leading the way with goals and mandates from the President on sustainability (including the most recent titled EO 13514), the hope is that others will follow suit.

As you may or may not know, all DoD new construction is now required to meet the standards of LEED Silver.  Some Departments have taken the executive orders further including the Department of Navy, which has the following goals for 2020:

• 50% Alternative Energy Use DON-wide
• 50% Alternative Energy and Net Zero on all Bases
• 50% Petroleum Reduction in non-tactical vehicles
• “Sail the Great Green Fleet (Tactical)”

Originally posted 2010-06-22 00:01:27.

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2. Fort Carson LEED Neighborhood Development Discussion
3. Sustainability Bike Tour in Colorado Springs: An Article from The Colorado Urbanist

The Evergreen Terraces office building located in the heart of downtown Evergreen, Colorado is being designed and built as a high performance office building with sustainability in mind. Although ‘green’ is a word being thrown around quite liberally lately, there are specific determinations and measures that can certify and prove that a building has been designed as a high performance sustainable building and has true ‘greenness’ according to nationally accepted and criticized benchmarks. The Evergreen Terraces project is attempting to achieve a number of designated measures of sustainability benchmarks including a Silver Certification under the LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) Program for Core & Shell projects by the U.S. Green Building Council, a Federal Tax Deduction for Energy Efficient Commercial Buildings under the Energy Policy Act of 2005, and several of the Energy Conservation Rebates & Incentives available from Xcel Energy.

The building has a total square footage of 11,764 square feet which includes a covered parking structure under the building measuring approximately 3,800 square feet, and two levels of tenant space equaling approximately 8,000 square feet. Although many portions of the building and site as a whole include a number of sustainable strategies, the sustainability benchmarks for the project focus only on the Core & Shell portion of the project because of the speculative nature of tenant finish needs. There will be a Tenant Design Guideline included in the project that will be made available to the building tenants in order to inform them of the buildings green features and ways that they can utilize and build upon those features in the design of their spaces as well. Approximately 3,000 square feet of the buildings finished space is included in the Core & Shell portion of the project in addition to the garage portion (3,800 SF) for a total of approximately 6,800 square feet.

LEED-CS Silver Certification

The LEED program for certification of the Core & Shell includes sustainable measures and strategies for the building and site in it’s entirety that have a great many benefits for the people inhabiting the building, the building and it’s site and the surrounding community. The LEED Rating System is broken down into six overall categories in which credits are given to the project including Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy & Atmosphere, Materials & Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, and Innovation & Design. The Evergreen Terraces project is using a variety of strategies in all of these categories which will help to achieve a Silver Certification for the building:

• Sustainable Sites: The building is located on what could be called a ‘challenging’ site which made sustainable design for the site not just a good idea, but necessary in order to protect the valuable resources of the community and area around the building during and after construction. Some of the important strategies used in the design of the site include:
  • Stormwater Design: Quantity and Quality Control
    • 100% of stormwater retained on-site
    • Filtering of stormwater to reduce any contaminants and prevent them from leaving the site
  • Heat Island Effect: Reducing the heat created by blacktop
    • 90%+ Covered parking under the building
  • Light Pollution Reduction:
    • Fixtures both on the site and within the building that prevent light pollution from leaving the site
• Water Efficiency
  • Water Efficient Landscaping:
    • No potable water is being used for landscaping
    • Native plantings being used
  • Water Use Reduction:
    • A 30%+ reduction in water usage will be achieved in the building through the use of a water efficient system and fixtures in the building ($100+ savings per year)
• Energy & Atmosphere
  • Commissioning (third party verification) of the buildings fundamental systems under operation will assure that the systems are calibrated correctly and are performing at the projected efficiencies to create actual energy savings
  • No CFC’s are used in the buildings fire suppression or HVAC systems so the building will not be contributing to ozone depletion.
  • The buildings energy usage has been optimized, modeled and designed to achieve at least a 14% reduction in energy use over a building designed to the minimum of code compliance. This has been achieved in the Evergreen Terraces project through strategies such as Daylighting and optimization of the HVAC system, lighting and thermal envelope. Some of these strategies include usage of a heat exchanger in the building, optimized energy management systems, usage of operable windows (people will accept a larger variation in heat if they feel they have control), usage of high performance HVAC equipment.
    • 14% reduction (as a min.) in energy usage could save over $1000 per year in energy bills for the Core & Shell portion of the project alone! (based on average costs and usage info provided by Xcel Energy)
  • Green Power – Some of the buildings energy will be produced on-site through the use of Solar Panels and a contract for the purchase of clean, renewable energy through the ‘Windsource’ program provided by Xcel Energy will provide power to the building
• Materials & Resources
  • Designated areas for the storage and collection of recyclables, along with recycling pickup services will be provided at the building
  • The materials used in the construction and finish of the building contain a minimum of 10% recycled materials and a minimum of 20% regional materials that are extracted and manufactured less than 500 miles from the site. This reduces the impact of industrial manufacturing and transportation for the building materials overall and helps to put money into the local economy.
    • Example material: Concrete deck pavers consist of 85% post-consumer recycled material generated from the recycling of the concrete runways at the former Stapleton Airport into aggregate that is mixed with a small amount of new Portland cement to create new pavers – the pavers are also both extracted and manufactured within 500 miles of the site for regional materials credits
• Indoor Environmental Quality
  • The indoor environmental quality in the building has been improved upon the design of a typical commercial office building through a number of measures that contribute to the health and well-being of the occupants. These include strategies such as Daylighting, usage of operable windows and natural ventilation, use of low VOC materials in the building (paints, adhesives, sealants, carpet, etc.), and optimization of the thermal comfort and ventilation systems in the building.
• Innovation & Design – This project could achieve some of the credits for innovation and design based on its exemplary education and outreach program, increased usage of regional materials and inclusion of an accredited sustainability consultant on the design team.

The Federal Tax Deduction and the Conservation Rebates & Incentives that are being attempted by the project are based on the energy efficiency portion of the green strategies employed in the design.

• Federal Tax Deduction – There are several levels at which the Federal Tax Deduction for Energy Efficient Commercial Buildings can be achieved and result in anywhere from a $0.30 - $1.80 per square foot tax deduction in the year that the building is built. Although this is a one-time financial incentive, it can be quite substantial depending on the project parameters. The Evergreen Terraces project is attempting a 16 2/3% energy reduction which could achieve a tax deduction of $0.60 per square foot for the buildings developer equaling up to $7000.
• Conservation Rebates & Incentives – A number of rebates and incentives are available through Xcel Energy for implementing strategies that will increase the energy efficiency of a commercial building. Some of the ones being attempted by the Evergreen Terraces project include the Solar Rewards Rebate for Photo Voltaic Systems, Custom Efficiency Rebates for equipment in the building and Lighting Efficiency Rebates.

Summary

The Evergreen Terraces office building is being designed, built, verified and certified as a high performance sustainable office building. It will be the first ‘green’ office building in Evergreen and among the first ‘green’ buildings in the entire Front Range. Achieving a LEED certification of the building along with the Federal Tax Deduction and the Xcel Conservation Rebates and Incentives will prove conclusively that the building performs as designed and is sustainably designed and built. The building will be a benefit to the community, the tenants, the users and the owner.

The decision to create a Green office building was based partially on the health and well-being benefits of the building and the benefit of a sustainable site & building to the community. These benefits alone can create a unique marketability for the building that stands above the rest of the market. The decision to ‘go green’, however, was also based on the substantial financial benefits attributable to the buildings energy efficiency and the tax deductions, rebates and incentives currently available for implementing sustainable strategies. Although there is a cost premium during the design and construction of a sustainable building which currently averages 2% - 5% of the construction costs (according to the U.S. Green Building Council), the financial incentives can offset and even provide returns over time on this initial added investment in the building. For the Evergreen Terraces project, these financial incentives could specifically add up to an annual water/energy savings of approximately $1,500 per year in addition to the initial $7000 Tax Deduction and the accumulative rebates and incentives that will be determined by Xcel Energy. The cost premium for the project could be calculated at approximately $25,000 (2%) which would be fully returned within 10 years of operation.

Originally posted 2008-06-02 12:56:20.

No related posts.

Schuler Residence in Lake George, CO

Also on the boards is the Evans Residence in Clear Creek County. This home was also designed to be a log home and is designed with a cistern, a greywater system and a composting toilet. This home will have no electricity whatsoever and will have a propane refrigerator and gas lighting. A much more rustic cabin than the Schuler's state-of-the-art home in Lake George, but certainly another approach to going off grid.

Evans Cabin in Clear Creek County

We've done two other off grid cabins in addition to these, both with various systems to qualify them under the current building codes. There are a lot of common systems and synergies that we apply to off grid homes as well as sustainable on grid homes. Most clients who elect for a home off grid are driven to do so because of the economics of bringing in electricity, however many people are now considering these systems for rural, suburban and even urban dwellings. If you are thinking about building a home off grid or are electing to integrate these kinds of systems into any building, give us a call and we can help!

Originally posted 2009-01-26 15:56:39.

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Keeping things cool

The first step in passive solar cooling is to simply keep the building from heating up in the first place. Think of all the things that heat up a building:

• The sun
• Lighting
• Computers, etc
• Appliances
• Occupants

Let’s start with the sun. We can reduce the effects of the sun by properly siting a building with a long east/west orientation that utilizes thermal mass and appropriate glazing and window frames. We can also provide shading with exterior architectural features and trees primarily on the south and west. It is important not to block summer breezes as these can help radiate heat away and even pass through the structure.

The next largest heat load tends to be lighting. Through the use of properly implemented daylighting strategies and LED task lighting that heat load can be almost completely eliminated.

There isn’t a lot that can be done with computers and other technology since it is so ubiquitous in our world. However, we can use technology that has a sleep mode when not in use and processors that operate slower and with less heat when we are doing low impact tasks. Even turn off or hibernate computers of occupants who are not there at the time. Proper energy management goes a long way in reducing energy loads.

What office or home doesn’t have a refrigerator or other appliances? The use of low energy appliances reduces heating loads since they are creating less heat through electricity usage.

There isn’t much that can be done about the occupants. With out them we wouldn’t even be having this discussion.

Solar Chimneys

At this point I know you are asking how the sun can be used to cool a building. The simplest way is to create a solar chimney. This is a structure that is referred to as a stack. The stack is essentially a taller portion of the building similar to a tower. It is also a great opportunity for an architectural feature.

The top of the stack is generally black or some dark color and has operable openings. An insect screen is a good idea. The sun heats up the black surface which in turn heats up the surrounding air. This then creates an upward draft since warm air rises. This draws cool air through the building. This cool air can come from a vegetated area, which are typically a few degrees cooler than surrounding air, or through tubes that pass through the earth.

Cool Tower

An alternative to the solar chimney is the cool tower. This also uses a stack feature but works similar to an evaporative cooler. At the top of the tower is an evaporative cooler that draws in air and cools it as it passes through a wet medium. That cool air then falls down the stack and into the space. The motion of the air is supplemented with clerestory windows that allow warm air to be drawn out of the space.

With proper modeling the cool tower can be designed to keep the building cool throughout the warm months. Additional features that go hand in hand with a cool tower are appropriate thermal mass, minimization of summer solar heat gain and supplemental fans to assist in air circulation when needed.

It soon becomes apparent that sustainable design doesn’t hinge on one particular solution. Rather there are a variety of solutions that need to be combined in various ways in order to create a workable solution for a particular building type and climate. Through understanding the fundamentals we have springboard into more in depth considerations and solutions.

Originally posted 2010-03-17 00:01:33.

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1. Solar Hot Water Radiant Heat
2. Understanding Thermal Mass Walls in a Passive Solar Design
3. Basics of Radiant Heating and Cooling with Hydronic Systems

If you have ever walked into a new building or been in a new car you have smelled something distinct, VOCs. Volatile Organic Compounds are what give cars and buildings that new, distinct smell. For many people it is an unpleasant smell and for good reason. VOCs are suspected of causing respiratory problems and even cancer. They can also cause liver and kidney damage as well as nausea and central nervous system damage.

Many building materials such as carpet, pre-finished floors, paints, sealers and cleaners all contain VOCs. Individually it may not be much. But add a large number of products together and that can be the final proverbial straw that breaks the camels back. The other ingredient is the tighter building envelopes we have today. Particularly on high performance and net-zero energy buildings.

Luckily architects, mechanical engineers and LEED APs are knowledgeable about such issues. We can help guide you through the products on your project. If you are doing something simple like painting or replacing your carpet it is worth it to take a moment to read the label carefully to see if it is a low VOC product. If there is no label or it does not contain and VOC information you can look up the products MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet). If you can’t find that then it may be wise to look for a different product.

Unfortunately there are no hard guidelines for what constitutes a low VOC product. Some manufacturers will advertise their product as such. The South Coast Air Quality Management District rue #1168 provides some guidelines which have been adopted as requirements for points in LEED.

Originally posted 2010-12-31 00:48:07.

Related posts:

1. LEED Project Team Formation is an Important First Step in any LEED Certification Project
2. Evergreen Terraces and EVstudio Architecture Featured in National Real Estate Article for LEED Work
3. LEED Silver Certification Achieved – Evergreen Terraces is the First LEED Building in Evergreen!

Land selection and evaluation
Real estate services
Pro-forma, rent and cost analysis
As-built surveys and drawings
Conceptual design drawings
Schematic design drawings
Pricing and opinions of probable cost
Demolition plans
Design development drawings
Construction document drawings
Bidding, negotiation and contractor selection
City processes and planning services
Detailed specifications and product recommendations
LEED and sustainability consultation
Master planning
Site planning and civil engineering
Structural engineering
Mechanical, plumbing and electrical engineering
Construction administration
Construction management
Plans review
Local partner for out of state firms
Plans library development
Subject matter experts
Evaluations of existing structures
Entitlements and permitting processes
Interior design
CAD system design
Three dimensional models
Computer renderings
Marketing materials
Changes of occupancy
Contracts and agreements

The important thing to remember is that the architect has experience with most of the aspects of the project. They've seen many projects through. Choosing to involve them from the beginning to the end of the process will allow you to utilize their expertise and will allow them to help execute the right design for your project. Please feel free to contact EVstudio at any point in your process and we're happy to get involved with your project.

Originally posted 2009-03-31 13:00:11.

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